Bhartṛhari (Devanagari: भर्तृहरि; also romanized as Bhartrihari; fl. c. 5th century CE) is a Sanskrit author who is likely to have written two influential Sanskrit texts:
- the Vākyapadīya, on Sanskrit grammar and linguistic philosophy, a foundational text of the Sphoṭa theory in the Indian grammatical tradition, and
- the Śatakatraya, a work of Sanskrit poetry, comprising three collections of about 100 stanzas each.
In the medieval tradition of Indian scholarship, it was assumed that both texts were written by the same person. Modern philologists were sceptical of this claim, owing to an argument that dated the grammar to a date subsequent to the poetry. Since the 1990s, however, scholars have that both works may indeed have been contemporary, in which case it is plausible that there was only one Bhartrihari who wrote both texts.
Both the grammar and the poetic works had an enormous influence in their respective fields. The grammar in particular, takes a holistic view of language, countering the compositionality position of the Mimamsakas and others.
The poetry constitute short verses, collected into three centuries of about a hundred poems each. Each century deals with a different rasa or aesthetic mood; on the whole his poetic work has been very highly regarded both within the tradition and by modern scholarship.
The name Bhrartrihari is also sometimes associated with Bhartrihari traya Shataka, the legendary king of Ujjaini in the 1st century.
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